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Yellow Color Extraction from Annatto (Bixa orellana) Seeds

Yellow color extraction from annatto seeds (Bixa orellana) involves isolating natural carotenoid pigments, primarily bixin and norbixin, which give annatto its vivid yellow to orange hue. The process begins with harvesting and cleaning the seeds, followed by drying and sometimes lightly crushing them to increase surface area. For oil-soluble bixin, extraction is typically carried out using vegetable oils or organic solvents like hexane. For water-soluble norbixin, an alkaline aqueous extraction using mild bases such as sodium carbonate or potassium hydroxide is performed. After extraction, the mixture is filtered, and the pigment is precipitated or concentrated depending on its intended use. Advanced methods like ultrasound-assisted or enzymatic extraction may be used to improve yield and efficiency. The final extract is widely used as a natural colorant in foods (cheese, butter, snacks), cosmetics, and textiles. Maintaining controlled pH, temperature, and solvent conditions is critical for pigment stability and color intensity.

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